American biologist of Indian origin, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States and of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, of the European Organization of Molecular Biology and the Indian National Science Academy. Since 2015 he is the President of the Royal Society of London. His scientific contributions include his work on the atomic structure of the ribosome, the better understanding of which has produced much fundamental biological knowledge.